Volcanic Explosivity Index
The Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) was devised by Chris Newhall of the U.S. Geological Survey and Stephen Self at the University of Hawaiʻi in 1982 to provide a relative measure of the explosiveness of volcanic eruptions.
Volume of products, eruption cloud height, and qualitative observations (using terms ranging from "gentle" to "mega-colossal") are used to determine the explosivity value. The scale is open-ended with the largest volcanoes in history given magnitude 8. A value of 0 is given for non-explosive eruptions (less than 104 cubic metres of tephra ejected) with 8 representing a mega-colossal explosive eruption that can eject 1012 cubic metres of tephra and have a cloud column height of over 25 km (16 mi). The scale is logarithmic, with each interval on the scale representing a tenfold increase in observed eruption criteria (exception: between VEI 0 and VEI 1).
Note that ash, volcanic bombs, and ignimbrite are all treated alike. Density and vesicularity (gas bubbling) of the volcanic products in question is not taken into account. In contrast, the DRE (Dense-Rock Equivalent) is sometimes calculated to give the actual amount of magma erupted. Another weakness of the VEI is that it does not take into account the magnitude of power output of an eruption. This, of course, is extremely difficult to detect with prehistoric or unobserved eruptions.
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Classification
Scientists indicate how powerful volcanic eruptions are using the VEI. The VEI stands for Volcanic Explosivity Index. It records how much volcanic material is thrown out, how high the eruption goes, and how long it lasts. The scale goes from 0 to 8. An increase of 1 indicates a 10 times more powerful eruption.
Note: There is a discontinuity in the definition of the VEI between indices 1 and 2. The lower border of the volume of ejecta jumps by a factor of 100 from 10,000 to 1,000,000 m³ while the factor is 10 between all higher indices.
| VEI | Ejecta volume | Classification | Description | Plume | Frequency | Example | Occurrences in last 10,000 years* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | < 10,000 m³ | Hawaiian | non-explosive | < 100 m | constant | Mauna Loa | many |
| 1 | > 10,000 m³ | Hawaiian/Strombolian | gentle | 100-1000 m | daily | Stromboli | many |
| 2 | > 1,000,000 m³ | Strombolian/Vulcanian | explosive | 1-5 km | weekly | Galeras (1993) | 3477* |
| 3 | > 10,000,000 m³ | Vulcanian/Peléan | severe | 3-15 km | yearly | Cordón Caulle (1921) | 868 |
| 4 | > 0.1 km³ | Peléan/Plinian | cataclysmic | 10-25 km | ≥ 10 yrs | Eyjafjallajökull (2010) | 421 |
| 5 | > 1 km³ | Plinian | paroxysmal | > 25 km | ≥ 50 yrs | Mount St. Helens (1980) | 166 |
| 6 | > 10 km³ | Plinian/Ultra-Plinian | colossal | > 25 km | ≥ 100 yrs | Krakatoa (1883) | 51 |
| 7 | > 100 km³ | Plinian/Ultra-Plinian | super-colossal | > 25 km | ≥ 1000 yrs | Tambora (1815) | 5 (+2 suspected) |
| 8 | > 1,000 km³ | Ultra-Plinian | mega-colossal | > 25 km | ≥ 10,000 yrs | Taupo (26,500 BP) | 0 |
*Count of VEI 2 and VEI 3 eruptions in the last 10,000 years are based on 1994 figures maintained by the Global Volcanism Program of the Smithsonian Institution. Count of eruptions greater than VEI 3 in the last 10,000 years are based on its 2010 figures. There are also 58 plinian eruptions, and 13 caldera-forming eruptions, of large, but unknown magnitudes.
A total of 47 eruptions of VEI–8 magnitude or above, ranging in age from Ordovician to Pleistocene, are identified, of which 42 eruptions are known from the past 36 million years. The most recent one is Lake Taupo's Oruanui eruption, occurring 26,500 years ago, which means that there have not been any Holocene (within the last 10,000 years) eruptions with a VEI of 8.[1]
List of eruptions
| VEI | Volcano (eruption) | Year |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | Hoodoo Mountain | 7050 BC? |
| 0 | Mauna Loa | 1984 |
| 0 | Lake Nyos | 1986 |
| 0 | Piton de la Fournaise | 2004 |
| 1 | Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field | 1500? |
| 1 | Kilauea | 1983 - present |
| 1 | Nyiragongo | 2002 |
| 2 | Mount Hood | 1865-1866 |
| 2 | Kilauea | 1924 |
| 2 | Tristan da Cunha | 1961 |
| 2 | Mount Usu | 2000-2001 |
| 2 | Whakaari/White Island | 2001 |
| 3 | Mount Garibaldi | 9,300 BP |
| 3 | Nazko Cone | 7,200 BP |
| 3 | Mount Edziza | 950 AD ± 1000 years |
| 3 | Mount Vesuvius | 1913-1944 |
| 3 | Surtsey | 1963-1967 |
| 3 | Eldfell | 1973 |
| 3 | Nevado del Ruiz | 1985 |
| 3 | Mount Etna | 2002-2003 |
| 4 | Mount Pelée | 1902 |
| 4 | Parícutin | 1943-1952 |
| 4 | Hekla | 1947 |
| 4 | Galunggung | 1982 |
| 4 | Mount Spurr | 1992 |
| 4 | Mount Okmok | 2008 |
| 4 | Eyjafjallajökull | 2010 |
| 5 | Laacher See | 12,900 BP? |
| 5 | Hekla (Hekla 3 eruption) | 1021 + 130/-100 BC |
| 5 | Mount Meager | ≈400 BC (2350 BP) |
| 5 | Mount Vesuvius (Pompeian eruption) | 79 |
| 5 | Mount Edgecumbe/Pūtauaki | c. 300 |
| 5 | Mount Tarumae | 1739 |
| 5 | Mount Mayon | 1814 |
| 5 | Mount Tarawera | 1886 |
| 5 | Katla | 1918 |
| 5 | Mount Agung | 1963 |
| 5 | Mount St. Helens | 1980 |
| 5 | El Chichón | 1982 |
| 5 | Mount Hudson | 1991 |
| 5 | Chaiten | 2008 |
| 6 | Morne Diablotins | 30,000 BP |
| 6 | Nevado de Toluca | 10,500 BP |
| 6 | Mount Okmok | 8300 BP |
| 6 | Mount Etna | 8000 BP? |
| 6 | Mount Veniaminof | 1750 BC |
| 6 | Mount Vesuvius (Avellino eruption) | 1660 BC ± 43 years |
| 6 | Grímsvötn | 8230 BC ± 50 years |
| 6 | Mount Aniakchak | ≈1645 BC |
| 6 | Mount Okmok | c. 400 BC |
| 6 | Ambrym | c. AD 100 |
| 6 | Ilopango | 450 ± 30 years |
| 6 | Mount Churchill (White River Ash) | ≈750 (1200 BP) |
| 6 | Katla (Eldgjá) | 934 |
| 6 | Baekdu Mountain (Tianchi eruption) | 969 ± 20 years |
| 6 | Kuwae | 1452 or 1453 |
| 6 | Bárðarbunga | 1477 |
| 6 | Huaynaputina | 1600 |
| 6 | Laki | 1783 |
| 6 | Krakatoa | 1883 |
| 6 | Santa María | 1902 |
| 6 | Novarupta | 1912 |
| 6 | Mount Pinatubo | 1991 |
| 7 | Bennett Lake Volcanic Complex | 50 Ma |
| 7 | Valles (Lower Bandelier eruption) | 1.47 Ma |
| 7 | Yellowstone (Mesa Falls eruption) | 1.3 Ma |
| 7 | Valles (Upper Bandelier eruption) | 1.15 Ma |
| 7 | Long Valley Caldera (Bishop eruption) | 759,000 BP |
| 7 | Maninjau | 280,000 BP |
| 7 | Atitlán (Los Chocoyos eruption) | 84,000 BP |
| 7 | Kurile (Golygin eruption) | 41,500 BP |
| 7 | Campi Flegrei | 37,000 BP |
| 7 | Aira Caldera | 22,000 BP |
| 7 | Kurile (Ilinsky eruption) | ≈6400 BC |
| 7 | Crater Lake, Oregon (Mount Mazama eruption) | ≈5700 BC |
| 7 | Kikai (Akahoya eruption) | ≈5300 BC |
| 7 | Thera (Minoan eruption) | 1620s BC |
| 7 | Taupo (Hatepe eruption) | 186 |
| 7 | Mount Tambora (1816 a year without a summer) | 1815 |
| 8 | Scafells | Ordovician |
| 8 | Glen Coe | 420 Ma |
| 8 | La Garita Caldera | 27 Ma |
| 8 | Yellowstone (Huckleberry Ridge eruption) | 2.2 Ma |
| 8 | Galán | 2.2 Ma |
| 8 | Yellowstone (Lava Creek eruption) | 640,000 BP |
| 8 | Whakamaru (Whakamaru Ignimbrite/Mount Curl Tephra) | 254,000 BP |
| 8 | Toba | 69,000-77,000 BP |
| 8 | Taupo (Oruanui eruption) | 26,500 BP |
See also
- Supervolcano
- List of volcanoes
- List of deadliest natural disasters
References
- ↑ Mason, Ben G.; Pyle, David M.; Oppenheimer, Clive (2004). "The size and frequency of the largest explosive eruptions on Earth". Bulletin of Volcanology 66 (8): 735–748. doi:10.1007/s00445-004-0355-9.
- Newhall, Christopher G.; Self, Steve (1982). "The volcanic explosivity index (VEI): An estimate of explosive magnitude for historical volcanism". Journal of Geophysical Research 87 (C2): 1231–1238. doi:10.1029/JC087iC02p01231. http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1982/JC087iC02p01231.shtml.
External links
- VEI glossary entry from a USGS website
- How to measure the size of a volcanic eruption, from The Guardian
- The size and frequency of the largest explosive eruptions on Earth, a 2004 article from the Bulletin of Volcanology
- List of Large Holocene Eruptions (VEI > 4) from the Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program
- VEI (Volcanic Explosivity Index) from the Global Volcanism Program of the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History